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Matthew Henry’s Complete Commentary
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Matthew Henry |
M A T T H E W.
CHAP. XVI.
None of Christ’s miracles are recorded in this chapter, but four of his
discourses. Here is,
I. A conference with the Pharisees, who challenged him to show them a
sign from heaven,
II. Another with his disciples about the leaven of the Pharisees,
III. Another with them concerning himself, as the Christ, and
concerning his church built upon him,
IV. Another concerning his sufferings for them, and theirs for him,
And all these are written for our learning.
| The Sign of the Prophet Jonas. |
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1 The Pharisees also with the Sadducees came, and tempting
desired him that he would show them a sign from heaven.
2 He answered and said unto them, When it is evening, ye say,
It will be fair weather: for the sky is red.
3 And in the morning, It will be foul weather to day: for the
sky is red and lowring. O ye hypocrites, ye can discern the
face of the sky; but can ye not discern the signs of the times?
4 A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and
there shall no sign be given unto it, but the sign of the prophet
Jonas. And he left them, and departed.
We have here Christ’s discourse with the Pharisees and Sadducees, men
at variance among themselves, as appears
and yet unanimous in their opposition to Christ; because his doctrine
did equally overthrow the errors and heresies of the Sadducees, who
denied the existence of spirits and a future state; and the pride,
tyranny, and hypocrisy of the Pharisees, who were the great imposters
of the traditions of the elders. Christ and Christianity meet with
opposition on all hands. Observe,
I. Their demand, and the design of it.
1. The demand was of a sign from heaven; this they desired him to show
them; pretending they were very willing to be satisfied and convinced,
when really they were far from being so, but sought excuses from an
obstinate infidelity. That which they pretended to desire was,
(1.) Some other sign than what they had yet had. They had great plenty
of signs; every miracle Christ wrought was a sign, for no man could
do what he did unless God were with him. But this will not serve,
they must have a sign of their own choosing; they despised those signs
which relieved the necessity of the sick and sorrowful, and insisted
upon some sign which gratify the curiosity of the proud. It is fit that
the proofs of divine revelation should be chosen by the wisdom of God,
not by the follies and fancies of men. The evidence that is given is
sufficient to satisfy an unprejudiced understanding, but was not
intended to please a vain humour. Ant it is an instance of the
deceitfulness of the heart, to think that we should be wrought upon by
the means and advantages which we have not, while we slight those which
we have. If we hear not Moses and the prophets, neither would we
be wrought upon though one rose from the dead.
(2.) It must be a sign from heaven. They would have such miracles to
prove his commission, as were wrought at the giving of the law upon
mount Sinai: thunder, and lightening, and the voice of words, were the
sign from heaven they required. Whereas the sensible signs and terrible
ones were not agreeable to the spiritual and comfortable dispensation
of the gospel. Now the word comes more nigh us
(Rom. x. 8),
and therefore the miracles do so, and do not oblige us to keep such a
distance as these did,
2. The design was to tempt him; not to be taught by him, but to ensnare
him. If he should show them a sign from heaven, they would attribute it
to a confederacy with the prince of the power of the air; if he
should not, as they supposed he would not, they would have that to say
for themselves, why they did not believe on him. They now
tempted Christ as Israel did,
And observe their perverseness; then, when they had signs from
heaven, they tempted Christ, saying, Can he furnish a table in the
wilderness? Now that he had furnished a table in the wilderness,
they tempted him, saying, Can he give us a sign from heaven?
II. Christ’s reply to this demand; lest they should be wise in their
own conceit, he answered these fools according to their
folly,
Prov. xxvi. 5.
In his answer,
1. He condemns their overlooking of the signs they had,
They were seeking for the signs of the kingdom of God, when it was
already among them. The Lord was in this place, and they knew
it not. Thus their unbelieving ancestors, when miracles were their
daily bread, asked, Is the Lord among us, or is he not?
To expose this, he observes to them,
(1.) Their skilfulness and sagacity in other things, particularly in
natural prognostications of the weather; “You know that a red sky
over-night is a presage of fair weather, and a red sky in the morning
of foul weather.” There are common rules drawn from observation and
experience, by which it is easy to foretel very probably what weather
it will be. When second causes have begun to work, we may easily guess
at their issue, so uniform is nature in its motions, and so consistent
with itself. We know not the balancing of the clouds
but we may spell something from the faces of them. This gives no
countenance at all to the wild and ridiculous predictions of the
astrologers, the star-gazers, and the monthly prognosticators
concerning the weather long before, with which weak and foolish people
are imposed upon; we are sure, in general, that seed-time and
harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, shall not cease. But as
to the particulars, till, by the weather-glasses, or otherwise, we
perceive the immediate signs and harbingers of the change of weather,
it is not for us to know, no, not that concerning the times and
seasons. Let it suffice, that it shall be what weather pleases God; and
that which pleases God, should not displease us.
(2.) Their sottishness and stupidity in the concerns of their souls;
Can ye not discern the signs of the times?
[1.] “Do you not see that the Messiah is come?” The sceptre was
departed from Judah, Daniel’s weeks were just expiring, and yet they
regarded not. The miracles Christ wrought, and the gathering of the
people to him, were plain indications that the kingdom of heaven was
at hand, that this was the day of their visitation. Note,
First, There are signs of the times, by which wise and upright
men are enabled to make moral prognostications, and so far to
understand the motions and methods of Providence, as from thence to
take their measures, and to know what Israel ought to do, as the men of
Issachar, as the physician from some certain symptoms finds a crisis
formed. Secondly, There are many who are skilful enough in other
things, and yet cannot or will not discern the day of their
opportunities, are not aware of the wind when it is fair for them, and
so let slip the gale. See
Thirdly, It is great hypocrisy, when we slight the signs of
God’s ordaining, to seek for signs of our own prescribing.
[2.] “Do not you foresee your own ruin coming for rejecting him? You
will not entertain the gospel of peace, and can you not evidently
discern that hereby you pull an inevitable destruction upon your own
heads?” Note, It is the undoing of multitudes, that they are not aware
what will be the end of their refusing Christ.
2. He refuses to give them any other sign
(v. 4),
as he had done before in the same words,
Those that persist in the same iniquities, must expect to meet with the
same reproofs. Here, as there,
(1.) He calls them an adulterous generation; because, while they
professed themselves of the true church and spouse of God, they
treacherously departed from him, and brake their covenants with him.
The Pharisees were a generation pure in their own eyes, having
the way of the adulterous woman, that thinks she has done no
wickedness,
(2.) He refuses to gratify their desire. Christ will not be prescribed
to; we ask, and have not, because we ask amiss.
(3.) He refers them to the sign of the prophet Jonas, which should yet
be given them; his resurrection from the dead, and his preaching by his
apostles to the Gentiles; these were reserved for the last and highest
evidences of his divine mission. Note, Though the fancies of proud men
shall not be humoured, yet the faith of the humble shall be supported,
and the unbelief of them that perish left for ever inexcusable, and
every mouth shall be stopped.
This discourse broke off abruptly; he left them and departed.
Christ will not tarry long with those that tempt him, but justly
withdraws from those that are disposed to quarrel with him. He left
them as irreclaimable; Let them alone. He left them to
themselves, left them in the hand of their own counsels; so he gave
them up to their own hearts’ lust.
| Of the Leaven of the Pharisees. |
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5 And when his disciples were come to the other side, they had
forgotten to take bread.
6 Then Jesus said unto them, Take heed and beware of the leaven
of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees.
7 And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because
we have taken no bread.
8 Which when Jesus perceived, he said unto them, O ye of
little faith, why reason ye among yourselves, because ye have
brought no bread?
9 Do ye not yet understand, neither remember the five loaves of
the five thousand, and how many baskets ye took up?
10 Neither the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many
baskets ye took up?
11 How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it not to
you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of the
Pharisees and of the Sadducees?
12 Then understood they how that he bade them not beware of
the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine of the Pharisees and of
the Sadducees.
We have here Christ’s discourse with his disciples concerning bread, in
which, as in many other discourses, he speaks to them of spiritual
things under a similitude, and they misunderstand him of carnal things.
The occasion of it was, their forgetting to victual their ship, and to
take along with them provisions for their family on the other side of
the water; usually they carried bread along with them, because they
were sometimes in desert places; and when they were not, yet they would
not be burthensome. But now they forgot; we will hope it was because
their minds and memories were filled with better things. Note, Christ’s
disciples are often such as have no great forecast for the world.
I. Here is the caution Christ gave them, to beware of the leaven of
the Pharisees. He had now been discoursing with the Pharisees and
Sadducees, and saw them to be men of such a spirit, that it was
necessary to caution his disciples to have nothing to do with them.
Disciples are in most danger from hypocrites; against those that are
openly vicious they stand upon their guard, but against Pharisees, who
are great pretenders to devotion, and Sadducees, who pretend to a free
and impartial search after truth, they commonly lie unguarded: and
therefore the caution is doubted, Take heed, and beware.
The corrupt principles and practices of the Pharisees and Sadducees are
compared to leaven; they were souring, and swelling, and spreading,
like leaven; they fermented wherever they came.
II. Their mistake concerning this caution,
v. 7.
They thought Christ hereby upbraided them with their improvidence and
forgetfulness, that they were so busy attending to his discourse with
the Pharisees, that therefore they forgot their private
concerns. Or, because having no bread of their own with them, they must
be beholden to their friends for supply, he would not have them to ask
it of the Pharisees and Sadducees, nor to receive of their alms,
because he would not so far countenance them; or, for fear, lest, under
pretence of feeding them, they should do them a mischief. Or, they took
it for a caution, not to be familiar with the Pharisees and Sadducees,
not to eat with them
whereas the danger was not in their bread (Christ himself did eat with
them,
Luke vii. 36; xi. 37; xiv. 1),
but in their principles.
III. The reproof Christ gave them for this.
1. He reproves their distrust of his ability and readiness to supply
them in this strait
(v. 8);
“O ye of little faith, why are ye in such perplexity because ye
have taken no bread, that ye can mind nothing else, that ye
think your Master is as full of it as you, and apply every thing he
saith to that?” He does not chide them for their little forecast, as
they expected he would. Note, Parents and masters must not be angry at
the forgetfulness of their children and servants, more than is
necessary to make them take more heed another time; we are all apt to
be forgetful of our duty. This should serve to excuse a fault,
Peradventure it was an oversight. See how easily Christ forgave
his disciples’ carelessness, though it was in such a material point as
taking bread; and do likewise. But that which he chides them for is
their little faith.
(1.) He would have them to depend upon him for supply, though it were
in a wilderness, and not to disquiet themselves with anxious thoughts
about it. Note, Though Christ’s disciples be brought into wants and
straits, through their own carelessness and incogitancy, yet he
encourages them to trust in him for relief. We must not therefore use
this as an excuse for our want of charity to those who are really poor,
that they should have minded their own affairs better, and then they
would not have been in need. It may be so, but they must not therefore
be left to starve when they are in need.
(2.) He is displeased at their solicitude in this matter. The weakness
and shiftlessness of good people in their worldly affairs is that for
which men are apt to condemn them; but it is not such an offence to
Christ as their inordinate care and anxiety about those things. We must
endeavour to keep the mean between the extremes of carelessness and
carefulness; but of the two, the excess of thoughtfulness about the
world worst becomes Christ’s disciples. “O ye of little faith,
why are ye disquieted for want of bread?” Note, To distrust Christ, and
to disturb ourselves when we are in straits and difficulties, is an
evidence of the weakness of our faith, which, if it were in exercise as
it should be, would ease us of the burthen of care, by casting it on
the Lord, who careth for us.
(3.) The aggravation of their distrust was the experience they had so
lately had of the power and goodness of Christ in providing for them,
Though they had no bread with them, they had him with them who could
provide bread for them. If they had not the cistern, they had the
Fountain. Do ye not yet understand, neither remember? Note,
Christ’s disciples are often to be blamed for the shallowness of their
understandings, and the slipperiness of their memories. “Have ye forgot
those repeated instances of merciful and miraculous supplies; five
thousand fed with five loaves, and four thousand with seven loaves, and
yet they had enough and to spare? Remember how many baskets ye took
up.” These baskets were intended for memorials, by which to keep
the mercy in remembrance, as the pot of manna which was preserved in
the ark,
The fragments of those meals would be a feast now; and he that could
furnish them with such an overplus then, surely could furnish them with
what was necessary now. That meat for their bodies was intended to be
meat or their faith
which therefore they should have lived upon, now that they had
forgotten to take bread. Note, We are therefore perplexed with
present cares and distrusts, because we do not duly remember our former
experiences of divine power and goodness.
2. He reproves their misunderstanding of the caution he gave them
(v. 11);
How is it that you do not understand? Note, Christ’s disciples
may well be ashamed of the slowness and dulness of their apprehensions
in divine things; especially when they have long enjoyed the means of
grace; I spake it not unto you concerning bread. He took it ill,
(1.) That they should think him as thoughtful about bread as they were;
whereas his meat and drink were to do his Father’s will.
(2.) That they should be so little acquainted with his way of
preaching, as to take that literally which he spoke by way of parable;
and should thus make themselves like the multitude, who, when Christ
spoke to them in parables, seeing, saw not, and hearing, heard not,
IV. The rectifying of the mistake by this reproof
(v. 12);
Then understood they what he meant. Note, Christ
therefore shows us our folly and weakness, that we may stir up
ourselves to take things right. He did not tell them expressly what he
meant, but repeated what he had said, that they should beware of the
leaven; and so obliged them, by comparing this with his other
discourses, to arrive at the sense of it in their own thoughts. Thus
Christ teaches by the Spirit of wisdom in the heart, opening the
understanding to the Spirit of revelation in the word. And those truths
are most precious, which we have thus digged for, and have found out
after some mistakes. Though Christ did not tell them plainly, yet now
they were aware that by the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees, he
meant their doctrine and way, which were corrupt and vicious, but, as
they managed them, very apt to insinuate themselves into the minds of
men like leaven, and to eat like a canker. They were leading
men, and were had in reputation, which made the danger of infection by
their errors the greater. In our age, we may reckon atheism and deism
to be the leaven of the Sadducees, and popery to be the leaven of the
Pharisees, against both which it concerns all Christians to stand upon
their guard.
| Christ’s Conference with His Disciples. |
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13 When Jesus came into the coasts of Cæsarea Philippi, he
asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of
man am?
14 And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist:
some, Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets.
15 He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am?
16 And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the
Son of the living God.
17 And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou,
Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto
thee, but my Father which is in heaven.
18 And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this
rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not
prevail against it.
19 And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven:
and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven:
and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in
heaven.
20 Then charged he his disciples that they should tell no man
that he was Jesus the Christ.
We have here a private conference which Christ had with his disciples
concerning himself. It was in the coasts of Cesarea Philippi, the
utmost borders of the land of Canaan northward; there in that remote
corner, perhaps, there was less flocking after him than in other
places, which gave him leisure for this private conversation with his
disciples. Note, When ministers are abridged in their public work, they
should endeavour to do the more in their own families.
Christ is here catechising his disciples.
I. He enquires what the opinions of others were concerning him; Who
do men say that I, the Son of man, am?
1. He calls himself the Son of man; which may be taken either,
(1.) As a title common to him with others. He was called, and justly,
the Son of God, for so he was
(Luke i. 35);
but he called himself the Son of man; for he is really and truly “Man,
made of a woman.” In courts of honour, it is a rule to distinguish men
by their highest titles; but Christ, having now emptied himself, though
he was the Son of God, will be known by the style and title of the Son
of man. Ezekiel was often so called to keep him humble; Christ
called himself so, to show that he was humble. Or,
(2.) As a title peculiar to him as Mediator. He is made known, in
Daniel’s vision, as the Son of man,
Dan. vii. 13.
I am the Messiah, that Son of man that was promised. But,
2. He enquires what people’s sentiments were concerning him: “Who do
men say that I am? The Son of man?” (So I think it might better be
read). “Do they own me for the Messiah?” He asks not, “Who do the
scribes and Pharisees say that I am?” They were
prejudiced against him, and said that he was a deceiver and in league
with Satan; but, “Who do men say that I am?” He referred to the
common people, whom the Pharisees despised. Christ asked this question,
not as one that knew not; for if he knows what men think, much more
what they say; nor as one desirous to hear his own praises, but to make
the disciples solicitous concerning the success of their preaching, by
showing that he himself was so. The common people conversed more
familiarly with the disciples than they did with their Master, and
therefore from them he might better know what they said. Christ had not
plainly said who he was, but left people to infer it from his works,
Now he would know what inferences the people drew from them, and
from the miracles which his apostles wrought in his name.
3. To this question the disciples have him an answer
(v. 14),
Some say, thou art John the Baptist, &c. There were some that
said, he was the Son of David
(ch. xii. 23),
and the great Prophet,
The disciples, however, do not mention that opinion, but only such
opinions as were wide of the truth, which they gathered up from their
countrymen. Observe,
(1.) They are different opinions; some say one thing, and others
another. Truth is one; but those who vary from that commonly vary one
from another. Thus Christ came eventually to send division,
Being so noted a Person, every one would be ready to pass his verdict
upon him, and, “Many men, many minds;” those that were not willing to
own him to be the Christ, wandered in endless mazes, and followed the
chase of every uncertain guess and wild hypothesis.
(2.) They are honourable opinions, and bespeak the respect they had for
him, according to the best of their judgment. These were not the
sentiments of his enemies, but the sober thoughts of those that
followed him with love and wonder. Note, It is possible for men to have
good thoughts of Christ, and yet not right ones, a high opinion of him,
and yet not high enough.
(3.) They all suppose him to be one risen from the dead; which
perhaps arose from a confused notion they had of the resurrection of
the Messiah, before his public preaching, as of Jonas. Or their notions
arose from an excessive value for antiquity; as if it were not possible
for an excellent man to be produced in their own age, but it must be
one of the ancients returned to life again.
(4.) They are all false opinions, built upon mistakes, and wilful
mistakes. Christ’s doctrines and miracles bespoke him to be an
extraordinary Person; but because of the meanness of his appearance, so
different from what they expected, they would not own him to be the
Messiah, but will grant him to be any thing rather than that.
[1.] Some say, thou art John the Baptist. Herod said so
(ch. xiv. 2),
and those about him would be apt to say as he said. This notion might
be strengthened by an opinion they had, that those who died as martyrs,
should rise again before others; which some think the second of the
seven sons refers to, in his answer to Antiochus,
2 Macc. vii. 9,
The King of the world shall raise us up, who have died for his laws,
unto everlasting life.
[2.] Some Elias; taking occasion, no doubt, from the prophecy of
Malachi
(ch. iv. 5),
Behold, I will send you Elijah. And the rather, because Elijah
(as Christ) did many miracles, and was himself, in his translation, the
greatest miracle of all.
[3.] Others Jeremias: they fasten upon him, either because he
was the weeping prophet, and Christ was often in tears; or because God
had set him over the kingdoms and nations
(Jer. i. 10),
which they thought agreed with their notion of the Messiah.
[4.] Or, one of the prophets. This shows what an honourable idea
they entertained of the prophets; and yet they were the children of
them that persecuted and slew them,
ch. xxiii. 29.
Rather than they would allow Jesus of Nazareth, one of their own
country, to be such an extraordinary Person as his works bespoke him to
be, they would say, “It was not he, but one of the old
prophets.“
II. He enquires what their thoughts were concerning him; “But
who say ye that I am?
v. 15.
Ye tell me what other people say of me; can ye say better?”
1. The disciples had themselves been better taught than others; had, by
their intimacy with Christ, greater advantages of getting knowledge
than others had. Note, It is justly expected that those who enjoy
greater plenty of the means of knowledge and grace than others, should
have a more clear and distinct knowledge of the things of God than
others. Those who have more acquaintance with Christ than others,
should have truer sentiments concerning him, and be able to give a
better account of him than others.
2. The disciples were trained up to teach others, and therefore it was
highly requisite that they should understand the truth themselves: “Ye
that are to preach the gospel of the kingdom, what are your notions of
him that sent you?” Note, Ministers must be examined before they be
sent forth, especially what their sentiments are of Christ, and who
they say that he is; for how can they be owned as ministers of Christ,
that are either ignorant or erroneous concerning Christ? This is a
question we should every one of us be frequently putting to ourselves,
“Who do we say, what kind of one do we say, that the
Lord Jesus is? Is he precious to us? Is he in our eyes the chief of
ten thousand? Is he the Beloved of our souls?” It is well or ill with
us, according as our thoughts are right or wrong concerning Jesus
Christ.
Well, this is the question; now let us observe,
(1.) Peter’s answer to this question,
To the former question concerning the opinion others had of Christ,
several of the disciples answered, according as they had heard people
talk; but to this Peter answers in the name of all the rest, they all
consenting to it, and concurring in it. Peter’s temper led him to be
forward in speaking upon all such occasions, and sometimes he spoke
well, sometimes amiss; in all companies there are found some warm, bold
men, to whom a precedency of speech falls of course; Peter was such a
one: yet we find other of the apostles sometimes speaking as the mouth
of the rest; as John
(Mark ix. 38),
Thomas, Philip, and Jude,
John xiv. 5, 8, 22.
So that this is far from being a proof of such primacy and superiority
of Peter above the rest of the apostles, as the church of Rome ascribes
to him. They will needs advance him to be a judge, when the utmost they
can make of him, is, that he was but foreman of the jury, to speak for
the rest, and that only pro hâc vice–for this once; not
the perpetual dictator or speaker of the house, only chairman upon this
occasion.
Peter’s answer is short, but it is full, and true, and to the purpose;
Thou art the Christ, the Son of the Living God. Here is a
confession of the Christian faith, addressed to Christ, and so made an
act of devotion. Here is a confession of the true God as the living
God, in opposition to dumb and dead idols, and of Jesus Christ, whom
he hath sent, whom to know is life eternal. This is the
conclusion of the whole matter.
[1.] The people called him a Prophet, that Prophet
(John vi. 14);
but the disciples own him to be the Christ, the anointed One; the great
Prophet, Priest, and King of the church; the true Messiah promised to
the fathers, and depended on by them as He that shall come. It
was a great thing to believe this concerning one whose outward
appearance was so contrary to the general idea the Jews had of the
Messiah.
[2.] He called himself the Son of Man; but they owned him to be
the Son of the living God. The people’s notion of him
was, that he was the ghost of a dead man, Elias, or Jeremias; but
they know and believe him to be the Son of the living
God, who has life in himself, and has given to his Son to have life
in himself, and to be the Life of the world. If he be the Son
of the living God, he is of the same nature with him: and though
his divine nature was now veiled with the cloud of flesh, yet there
were those who looked through it, and saw his glory, the glory as of
the Only-Begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth. Now can
we with an assurance of faith subscribe to this confession? Let us
then, with a fervency of affection and adoration, go to Christ, and
tell him so; Lord Jesus, thou art the Christ, the Son of the living
God.
(2.) Christ’s approbation of his answer
(v. 17-19);
in which Peter is replied to, both as a believer and as an apostle.
[1.] As a believer,
Christ shows himself well pleased with Peter’s confession, that it was
so clear and express, without ifs or ands, as we say.
Note, The proficiency of Christ’s disciples in knowledge and grace is
very acceptable to him; and Christ shows him whence he received the
knowledge of this truth. At the first discovery of this truth in the
dawning of the gospel day, it was a mighty thing to believe it; all
men had not this knowledge, had not this faith. But,
First, Peter had the happiness of it; Blessed art thou, Simon
Bar-jona. He reminds him of his rise and original, the meanness of
his parentage, the obscurity of his extraction; he was Bar-jonas–The
son of a dove; so some. Let him remember the rock out of which
he was hewn, that he may see he was not born to this dignity, but
preferred to it by the divine favour; it was free grace that made him
to differ. Those that have received the Spirit must remember who is
their Father,
Having reminded him of this, he makes him sensible of his great
happiness as a believer; Blessed art thou. Note, True believers
are truly blessed, and those are blessed indeed whom Christ pronounces
blessed; his saying they are so, makes them so. “Peter, thou art a
happy man, who thus knowest the joyful sound,”
Blessed are your eyes,
ch. xiii. 16.
All happiness attends the right knowledge of Christ.
Secondly, God must have the glory of it; “For flesh and blood
have not revealed it to thee. Thou hadst this neither by the
invention of thy own wit and reason, nor by the instruction and
information of others; this light sprang neither from nature nor from
education, but from my Father who is in heaven.” Note,
1. The Christian religion is a revealed religion, has its rise in
heaven; it is a religion from above, given by inspiration of God, not
the learning of philosophers, nor the politics of statesmen.
2. Saving faith is the gift of God, and, wherever it is, is wrought by
him, as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, for his sake, and upon the
score of his mediation,
Therefore thou art blessed, because my Father has revealed it
to thee. Note, The revealing of Christ to us and in us is a
distinguishing token of God’s good will, and a firm foundation of true
happiness; and blessed are they that are thus highly favoured.
Perhaps Christ discerned something of pride and vain-glory in Peter’s
confession; a subtle sin, and which is apt to mingle itself even with
our good duties. It is hard for good men to compare themselves with
others, and not to have too great a conceit of themselves; to prevent
which, we should consider that our preference to others is no
achievement of our own, but the free gift of God’s grace too us, and
not to others; so that we have nothing to boast of,
[2.] Christ replies to him as an apostle or minister,
Peter, in the name of the church, had confessed Christ, and to him
therefore the promise intended for the church is directed. Note, There
is nothing lost by being forward to confess Christ; for those who
honour him, he will honour.
Upon occasion of this great confession made of Christ, which is the
church’s homage and allegiance, he signed and published this royal,
this divine charter, by which that body politic is incorporated. Such
is the communion between Christ and the church, the Bridegroom and the
spouse. God had a church in the world from the beginning, and it was
built upon the rock of the promised Seed,
But now, that promised Seed being come, it was requisite that the
church should have a new charter, as Christian, and standing in
relation to a Christ already come. Now here we have that charter; and a
thousand pities it is, that this word, which is the great support of
the kingdom of Christ, should be wrested and pressed into the service
of antichrist. But the devil has employed his subtlety to pervert it,
as he did that promise,
which he perverted to his own purpose,
and perhaps both that scripture and this he thus perverted because they
stood in his way, and therefore he owed them a spite.
Now the purport of this charter is,
First, To establish the being of the church; I say also unto
thee. It is Christ that makes the grant, he who is the church’s
Head, and Ruler, to whom all judgment is committed, and from whom all
power is derived; he who makes it pursuant to the authority received
from the Father, and his undertaking for the salvation of the elect.
The grant is put into Peter’s hand; “I say it to thee.” The Old
Testament promises relating to the church were given immediately to
particular persons, eminent for faith and holiness, as to Abraham and
David; which yet gave no supremacy to them, much less to any of their
successors; so the New-Testament charter is here delivered to Peter as
an agent, but to the use and behoof of the church in all ages,
according to the purposes therein specified and contained. Now it is
here promised,
1. That Christ would build his church upon a rock. This body politic is
incorporated by the style and title of Christ’s church. It is a
number o the children of men called out of the world, and set apart
from it, and dedicated to Christ. It is not thy church, but
mine. Peter remembered this, when he cautioned ministers not
to lord it over God’s heritage. The church is Christ’s peculiar,
appropriated to him. The world is God’s, and they that dwell therein;
but the church is a chosen remnant, that stands in relation to God
through Christ as Mediator. It bears him image and superscription.
(1.) The Builder and Maker of the church is Christ himself; I will
build it. The church is a temple which Christ is the Builder of,
Herein Solomon was a type of Christ, and Cyrus,
The materials and workmanship are his. By the working of his Spirit
with the preaching of his word he adds souls to his church, and so
builds it up with living stones,
Ye are God’s building; and building is a progressive work; the
church in this world is but in fieri–in the forming, like a
house in the building. It is a comfort to all those who wish well to
the church, that Christ, who has divine wisdom and power, undertakes to
build it.
(2.) The foundation on which it is built is, this Rock. Let the
architect do his part ever so well, if the foundation be rotten, the
building will not stand; let us therefore see what the foundation is,
and it must be meant of Christ, for other foundation can no man
lay. See
[1.] The church is built upon a rock; a firm, strong, and
lasting foundation, which time will not waste, nor will it sink under
the weight of the building. Christ would not build his house upon the
sand, for he knew that storms would arise. A rock is high,
Christ’s church does not stand upon a level with this world; a rock is
large, and extends far, so does the church’s foundation; and the more
large, the more firm; those are not the church’s friends that narrow
its foundation.
[2.] It is built upon this rock; thou art Peter, which
signifies a stone or rock; Christ gave him that name when he
first called him
(John i. 42),
and here he confirms it; “Peter, thou dost answer thy name, thou art a
solid, substantial disciple, fixed and stayed, and one that there is
some hold of. Peter is thy name, and strength and stability are with
thee. Thou art not shaken with the waves of men’s fluctuating opinions
concerning me, but established in the present truth,”
From the mention of this significant name, occasion is taken for this
metaphor of building upon a rock.
First, Some by this rock understand Peter himself as an apostle,
the chief, though not the prince, of the twelve, senior among them, but
not superior over them. The church is built upon the foundation of the
apostles,
The first stones of that building were laid in and by their ministry;
hence their names are said to be written in the foundations of
the new Jerusalem,
Now Peter being that apostle by whose hand the first stones of the
church were laid, both in Jewish converts
(Acts ii.),
and in the Gentile converts
(Acts x.),
he might in some sense be said to be the rock on which it was built.
Cephas was one that seemed to be a pillar,
But it sounds very harsh, to call a man that only lays the first stone
of a building, which is a transient act, the foundation on which it is
built, which is an abiding thing. Yet if it were so, this would not
serve to support the pretensions of the Bishop of Rome; for Peter had
no such headship as he claims, much less could he derive it to his
successors, least of all to the Bishops of Rome, who, whether they are
so in place or no, is a question, but that they are not so in the truth
of Christianity, is past all question.
Secondly, Others, by this rock, understand Christ;
“Thou art Peter, thou hast the name of a stone, but upon
this rock, pointing to himself, I will build my church.”
Perhaps he laid his hand on his breast, as when he said, Destroy
this temple
(John ii. 19),
when he spoke of the temple of his body. Then he took occasion
from the temple, where he was, so to speak of himself, and gave
occasion to some to misunderstand him of that; so here he took occasion
from Peter, to speak of himself as the Rock, and gave occasion to some
to misunderstand him of Peter. But this must be explained by those many
scriptures which speak of Christ as the only Foundation of the church;
see
Christ is both its Founder and its Foundation; he draws souls, and
draws them to himself; to him they are united, and on him they rest and
have a constant dependence.
Thirdly, Others by this rock understand this confession
which Peter made of Christ, and this comes all to one with
understanding it of Christ himself. It was a good confession which
Peter witnessed, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God;
the rest concurred with him in it. “Now,” saith Christ, “this is that
great truth upon which I will build my church.”
1. Take away this truth itself, and the universal church falls to the
ground. If Christ be not the Son of God, Christianity is a cheat, and
the church is a mere chimera; our preaching is vain, your faith is
vain, and you are yet in your sins,
1 Cor. xv. 14-17.
If Jesus be not the Christ, those that own him are not of the church,
but deceivers and deceived.
2. Take away the faith and confession of this truth from any
particular church, and it ceases to be a part of Christ’s church, and
relapses to the state and character of infidelity. This is articulus
stantis et cadentis ecclesia–that article, with the admission or the
denial of which the church either rises or falls; “the main hinge
on which the door of salvation turns;” those who let go this, do not
hold the foundation; and though they may call themselves Christians,
they give themselves the lie; for the church is a sacred society,
incorporated upon the certainty and assurance of this great truth; and
great it is, and has prevailed.
2. Christ here promises to preserve and secure his church, when it is
built; The gates of hell shall not prevail against it; neither
against this truth, nor against the church which is built upon it.
(1.) This implies that the church has enemies that fight against it,
and endeavour its ruin overthrow, here represented by the gates of
hell, that is, the city of hell; (which is directly opposite to
this heavenly city, this city of the living God), the devil’s
interest among the children of men. The gates of hell are the powers
and policies of the devil’s kingdom, the dragon’s head and horns, by
which he makes war with the Lamb; all that comes out of
hell-gates, as being hatched and contrived there. These fight against
the church by opposing gospel truths, corrupting gospel ordinances,
persecuting good ministers and good Christians; drawing or driving,
persuading by craft or forcing by cruelty, to that which is
inconsistent with the purity of religion; this is the design of the
gates of hell, to root out the name of Christianity
to devour the man-child
(Rev. xii. 9),
to raze this city to the ground.
(2.) This assures us that the enemies of the church shall not gain
their point. While the world stands, Christ will have a church in it,
in which his truths and ordinances shall be owned and kept up, in spite
of all the opposition of the powers of darkness; They shall not
prevail against it,
Ps. cxxix. 1, 2.
This gives no security to any particular church, or church-governors
that they shall never err, never apostatize or be destroyed; but that
somewhere or other the Christian religion shall have a being, though
not always in the same degree of purity and splendour, yet so as that
the entail of it shall never be quite cut off. The woman lives,
though in a wilderness
(Rev. xii. 14),
cast down but not destroyed
(2 Cor. iv. 9).
Corruptions grieving, persecutions grievous, but neither fatal. The
church may be foiled in particular encounters, but in the main battle
it shall come off more than a conqueror. Particular believers
are kept by the power of God, through faith, unto salvation,
1 Pet. i. 5.
Secondly, The other part of this charter is, to settle the order
and government of the church,
When a city or society is incorporated, officers are appointed and
empowered to act for the common good. A city without government is a
chaos. Now this constituting of the government of the church, is here
expressed by the delivering of the keys, and, with them, a power to
bind and loose. This is not to be understood of any peculiar power that
Peter was invested with, as if he were sole door-keeper of the kingdom
of heaven, and had that key of David which belongs only to the Son of
David; no, this invests all the apostles and their successors with a
ministerial power to guide and govern the church of Christ, as it
exists in particular congregations or churches, according to the rules
of the gospel. Claves regni cælorum in B. Petro apostolo
cuncti suscepimus sacerdotes–All we that are priests, received, in the
person of the blessed apostle Peter, the keys of the kingdom of
heaven; so Ambrose De Dignit. Sacerd. Only the keys were
first put into Peter’s hand, because he was the first that opened
the door of faith to the Gentiles,
Acts x. 28.
As the king, in giving a charter to a corporation, empowers the
magistrates to hold courts in his name, to try matters of fact, and
determine therein according to law, confirming what is so done
regularly as if done in any of the superior courts; so Christ, having
incorporated his church, hath appointed the office of the ministry for
the keeping up of order and government, and to see that his laws be
duly served; I will give thee the keys. He doth not say, “I
have given them,” or “I do now;” but “I will do
it,” meaning after his resurrection; when he ascended on high, he
gave those gifts,
Ephes. iv. 8;
then this power was actually given, not to Peter only, but to all the
rest,
ch. xxviii. 19, 20; John xx. 21.
He doth not say, The keys shall be given, but, I will
give them; for ministers derive their authority from Christ, and
all their power is to be used in his name,
Now,
1. The power here delegated is a spiritual power; it is a power
pertaining to the kingdom of heaven, that is, to the church,
that part of it which is militant here on earth, to the gospel
dispensation; that is it about which the apostolical and ministerial
power is wholly conversant. It is not any civil, secular power that is
hereby conveyed, Christ’s kingdom is not of this world; their
instructions afterward were in things pertaining to the kingdom of
God,
Acts i. 3.
2. It is the power of the keys that is given, alluding to the
custom of investing men with authority in such a place, by delivering
to them the keys of the place. Or as the master of the house gives the
keys to the steward, the keys of the stores where the provisions are
kept, that he may give to every one in the house his portion of meat
in due season
(Luke xii. 42),
and deny it as there is occasion, according to the rules of the family.
Ministers are stewards,
1 Cor. iv. 1; Tit. i. 7.
Eliakim, who had the key of the house of David, was over the
household,
Isa. xxii. 22.
3. It is a power to bind and loose, that is (following the
metaphor of the keys), to shut and open. Joseph, who was lord of
Pharaoh’s house, and steward of the stores, had power to bind his
princes, and to teach his senators wisdom,
Ps. cv. 21, 22.
When the stores and treasures of the house are shut up from any, they
are bound, interdico tibi aqu&acric et igne–I forbid thee the use
of fire and water; when they are opened to them again, they are
loosed from that bond, are discharged from the censure, and restored to
their liberty.
4. It is a power which Christ has promised to own the due
administration of; he will ratify the sentences of his stewards with
his own approbation; It shall be bound in heaven, and loosed in
heaven: not that Christ hath hereby obliged himself to confirm all
church-censures, right or wrong; but such as are duly passed according
to the word, clave non errante–the key turning the right way,
such are sealed in heaven; that is, the word of the gospel, in the
mouth of faithful ministers, is to be looked upon, not as the word of
man, but as the word of God, and to be received accordingly,
1 Thess. ii. 13; John xii. 20.
Now the keys of the kingdom of heaven are,
(1.) The key of doctrine, called the key of knowledge.
“Your business shall be to explain to the world the will of God, both
as to truth and duty; and for this you shall have your commissions,
credentials, and full instructions to bind and loose:” these, in the
common speech of the Jews, at that time, signified to prohibit and
permit; to teach or declare a thing to be unlawful was to bind;
to be lawful, was to loose. Now the apostles had an
extraordinary power of this kind; some things forbidden by the law of
Moses were now to be allowed, as the eating of such and such meats;
some things allowed there were now to be forbidden, as divorce; and the
apostles were empowered to declare this to the world, and men might
take it upon their words. When Peter was first taught himself, and then
taught others, to call nothing common or unclean, this power was
exercised. There is also an ordinary power hereby conveyed to all
ministers, to preach the gospel as appointed officers; to tell people,
in God’s name, and according to the scriptures, what is good, and
what the Lord requires of them: and they who declare the whole
counsel of God, use these keys well,
Some make the giving of the keys to allude to the custom of the Jews in
creating a doctor of the law, which was to put into his hand the keys
of the chest where the book of the law was kept, denoting his being
authorized to take and read it; and the binding and loosing, to
allude to the fashion about their books, which were in rolls; they shut
them by binding them up with a string, which they untied when they
opened them. Christ gives his apostles power to shut or open the book
of the gospel to people, as the case required. See the exercise of this
power,
When ministers preach pardon and peace to the penitent, wrath and the
curse to the impenitent, in Christ’s name, they act then pursuant to
this authority of binding and loosing.
(2.) The key of discipline, which is but the application of the
former to particular persons, upon a right estimate of their characters
and actions. It is not legislative power that is hereby conferred, but
judicial; the judge doth not make the law, but only declares what is
law, and upon an impartial enquiry into the merits of the cause, gives
sentence accordingly. Such is the power of the keys, wherever it
is lodged, with reference to church-membership and the privileges
thereof.
[1.] Christ’s ministers have a power to admit into the church; “Go,
disciple all nations, baptizing them; those who profess faith in
Christ, and obedience to him, admit them and their seed members of the
church by baptism.” Ministers are to let in to the wedding-feast
those that are bidden; and to keep out such as are apparently unfit
for so holy a communion.
[2.] They have a power to expel and cast out such as have forfeited
their church-membership, that is binding; refusing to unbelievers the
application of gospel promises and the seals of them; and declaring to
such as appear to be in the gall of bitterness and bond of
iniquity, that they have no part or lot in the matter, as
Peter did to Simon Magus, though he had been baptized; and this is a
binding over to the judgment of God.
[3.] They have a power to restore and to receive in again, upon their
repentance, such as had been thrown out; to loose those whom they had
bound; declaring to them, that, if their repentance be sincere, the
promise of pardon belongs to them. The apostles had a miraculous gift
of discerning spirits; yet even they went by the rule of
outward appearances (as
1 Cor. v. 1; 2 Cor. ii. 7; 1 Tim. i. 20),
which ministers may still make a judgment upon, if they be skilful and
faithful.
Lastly, Here is the charge which Christ gave his disciples, to
keep this private for the present
(v. 20);
They must tell no man that he was Jesus the Christ. What they
had professed to him, they must not yet publish to the world, for
several reasons;
1. Because this was the time of preparation for his kingdom: the great
thing now preached, was, that the kingdom of heaven was at hand;
and therefore those things were now to be insisted on, which were
proper to make way for Christ; as the doctrine of repentance; not this
great truth, in and with which the kingdom of heaven was to be
actually set up. Every thing is beautiful in its season, and it is good
advice, Prepare thy work, and afterwards build,
Prov. xxiv. 27.
2. Christ would have his Messiahship proved by his works, and would
rather they should testify of him than that his disciples
should, because their testimony was but as his own, which he insisted
not on. See
He was so secure of the demonstration of his miracles, that he waived
other witnesses,
3. If they had known that he was Jesus the Christ, they would not
have crucified the Lord of glory,
1 Cor. ii. 8.
4. Christ would not have the apostles preach this, till they had the
most convincing evidence ready to allege in confirmation of it. Great
truths may suffer damage by being asserted before they can be
sufficiently proved. Now the great proof of Jesus being the Christ was
his resurrection: by that he was declared to be the Son of God, with
power; and therefore the divine wisdom would not have this truth
preached, till that could be alleged for proof of it.
5. It was requisite that the preachers of so great a truth should be
furnished with greater measures of the Spirit than the apostles as yet
had; therefore the open asserting of it was adjourned till the Spirit
should be poured out upon them. But when Christ was glorified and the
Spirit poured out, we find Peter proclaiming upon the house-tops what
was here spoken in a corner
(Acts ii. 36),
That God hath made this same Jesus both Lord and Christ; for, as
there is a time to keep silence, so there is a time to speak.
| Christ Reproves Peter. |
|
|
21 From that time forth began Jesus to show unto his disciples,
how that he must go unto Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the
elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be
raised again the third day.
22 Then Peter took him, and began to rebuke him, saying, Be it
far from thee, Lord: this shall not be unto thee.
23 But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me,
Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the
things that be of God, but those that be of men.
We have here Christ’s discourse with his disciples concerning his own
sufferings; in which observe,
I. Christ’s foretelling of his sufferings. Now he began to do
it, and from this time he frequently spake of them. Some hints he had
already given of his sufferings, as when he said, Destroy this
temple: when he spake of the Son of man being lifted up, and
of eating his flesh, and drinking his blood: but now he
began to show it, to speak plainly and expressly of it. Hitherto
he had not touched upon this, because the disciples were weak, and
could not well bear the notice of a thing so very strange, and so very
melancholy; but now that they were more ripe in knowledge, and strong
in faith, he began to tell them this. Note, Christ reveals his mind to
his people gradually, and lets in light as they can bear it, and are
fit to receive it.
From that time, when they had made that full confession of
Christ, that he was the Son of God, then he began to show them this.
When he found them knowing in one truth, he taught them another; for
to him that has, shall be given. Let them first be established in
the principles of the doctrine of Christ, and then go on to perfection,
If they had not been well grounded in the belief of Christ’s being the
Son of God, it would have been a great shaking to their faith. All
truths are not to be spoken to all persons at all times, but such as
are proper and suitable to their present state. Now observe,
1. What he foretold concerning his sufferings, the particulars and
circumstances of them, and all surprising.
(1.) The place where he should suffer. He must go to Jerusalem, the
head city, the holy city, and suffer there. Though he lived most of his
time in Galilee, he must die at Jerusalem; there all the sacrifices
were offered, there therefore he must die, who is the great
sacrifice.
(2.) The persons by whom he should suffer; the elders, and chief
priests, and scribes; these made up the great sanhedrim, which sat
at Jerusalem, and was had in veneration by the people. Those that
should have been most forward in owning and admiring Christ, were the
most bitter in persecuting him. It was strange that men of knowledge in
the scripture, who professed to expect the Messiah’s coming, and
pretended to have something sacred in their character, should use him
thus barbarously when he did come. It was the Roman power that
condemned and crucified Christ, but he lays it at the door of the
chief priests and scribes, who were the first movers.
(3.) What he should suffer; he must suffer many things, and be
killed. His enemies’ insatiable malice, and his own invincible
patience, appear in the variety and multiplicity of his sufferings (he
suffered many things) and in the extremity of them; nothing less than
his death would satisfy them, he must be killed. The suffering of many
things, if not unto death, is more tolerable; for while there is life,
there is hope; and death, without such prefaces, would be less
terrible; but he must first suffer many things, and then be
killed.
(4.) What should be the happy issue of all his sufferings; he shall
be raised again the third day. As the prophets, so Christ
himself, when he testified beforehand his sufferings, testified withal
the glory that should follow,
His rising again the third day proved him to be the Son of God,
notwithstanding his sufferings; and therefore he mentions that, to keep
up their faith. When he spoke of the cross and the shame, he spoke in
the same breath of the joy set before him, in the prospect of
which he endured the cross, and despised the shame. Thus we must
look upon Christ’s suffering for us, trace in it the way to his glory;
and thus we must look upon our suffering for Christ, look through it to
the recompence of reward. If we suffer with him, we shall reign
with him.
2. Why he foretold his sufferings.
(1.) To show that they were the product of an eternal counsel and
consent; were agreed upon between the Father and the Son from eternity;
Thus is behoved Christ to suffer. The matter was settled in
the determinate counsel and foreknowledge, in pursuance of his
own voluntary susception and undertaking for our salvation; his
sufferings were no surprise to him, did not come upon him as a snare,
but he had a distinct and certain foresight of them, which greatly
magnifies his love,
(2.) To rectify the mistakes which his disciples had imbibed concerning
the external pomp and power of his kingdom. Believing him to be the
Messiah, they counted upon nothing but dignity and authority in the
world; but here Christ reads them another lesson, tells them of the
cross and sufferings; nay, that the chief priests and the elders, whom,
it is likely, they expected to be the supports of the Messiah’s
kingdom, should be its great enemies and persecutors; this would give
them quite another idea of that kingdom which they themselves had
preached the approach of; and it was requisite that this mistake should
be rectified. Those that follow Christ must be dealt plainly with, and
warned not to expect great things in this world.
(3.) It was to prepare them for the share, at least, of sorrow and
fear, which they must have in his sufferings. When he suffered many
things, the disciples could not but suffer some; if their Master be
killed, they will be seized with terror; let them know it before, that
they may provide accordingly, and, being fore-warned, may be
fore-armed.
II. The offence which Peter took at this he said, Be it far from
thee, Lord: probably he spake the sense of the rest of the
disciples, as before, for he was chief speaker. He took him, and
began to rebuke him. Perhaps Peter was a little elevated with the
great things Christ had how said unto him, which made him more bold
with Christ than did become him; so hard is it to keep the spirit low
and humble in the midst of great advancements!
1. It did not become Peter to contradict his Master, or take upon him
to advise him; he might have wished, that, if it were possible, this
cup might pass away, without saying so peremptorily, This shall
not be, when Christ had said, It must be. Shall any teach God
knowledge? He that reproveth God, let him answer it. Note, When
God’s dispensations are either intricate or cross to us, it becomes us
silently to acquiesce in, and not to prescribe to, the divine will; God
knows what he has to do, without our teaching. Unless we know the mind
of the Lord, it is not for us to be his counsellors,
2. It savoured much of fleshly wisdom, for him to appear so warmly
against suffering, and to startle thus at the offence of the cross. It
is the corrupt part of us, that is thus solicitous to sleep in a whole
skin. We are apt to look upon sufferings as they relate to this present
life, to which they are uneasy; but there are other rules to measure
them by, which, if duly observed, will enable us cheerfully to bear
them,
See how passionately Peter speaks: “Be it far from thee, Lord.
God forbid, that thou shouldst suffer and be killed; we cannot bear the
thoughts of it.” Master, spare thyself: so it might be read;
hileos soi, kyrie–“Be merciful to thyself, and
then no one else can be cruel to thee; pity thyself, and then this
shall not be to thee.” He would have Christ to dread suffering as
much as he did; but we mistake, if we measure Christ’s love and
patience by our own. He intimates, likewise, the improbability of the
thing, humanly speaking; “This shall not be unto thee. It is
impossible that one who hath so great an interest in the people as thou
hast, should be crushed by the elders, who fear the people: this can
never be; we that have followed thee, will fight for thee, if occasion
be; and there are thousands that will stand by us.”
III. Christ’s displeasure against Peter for this suggestion of his,
We do not read of any thing said or done by any of his disciples, at
any time, that he resented so much as this, though they often
offended.
Observe,
1. How he expressed his displeasure: He turned upon Peter, and (we may
suppose) with a frown said, Get thee behind me, Satan. He did
not so much as take time to deliberate upon it, but gave an immediate
reply to the temptation, which was such as made it to appear how ill he
took it. Just now, he had said, Blessed art thou, Simon, and had
even laid him in his bosom; but here, Get thee behind me, Satan;
and there was cause for both. Note, A good man may by a surprise of
temptation soon grow very unlike himself. He answered him as he did
Satan himself,
Note,
(1.) It is the subtlety of Satan, to send temptations to us by the
unsuspected hands of our best and dearest friends. Thus he assaulted
Adam by Eve, Job by his wife, and here Christ by his beloved Peter. It
concerns us therefore not to be ignorant of his devices, but to stand
against his wiles and depths, by standing always upon our guard against
sin, whoever moves us to it. Even the kindnesses of our friends are
often abused by Satan, and made use of as temptations to us.
(2.) Those who have their spiritual senses exercised, will be aware of
the voice of Satan, even in a friend, a disciple, a minister, that
dissuades them from their duty. We must not regard who speaks, so much
as what is spoken; we should learn to know the devil’s voice when he
speaks in a saint as well as when he speaks in a serpent. Whoever takes
us off from that which is good, and would have us afraid of doing too
much for God, speaks Satan’s language.
(3.) We must be free and faithful in reproving the dearest friend we
have, that saith or doth amiss, though it may be under colour of
kindness to us. We must not compliment, but rebuke, mistaken
courtesies. Faithful are the wounds of a friend. Such smitings
must be accounted kindnesses,
(4.) Whatever appears to be a temptation to sin, must be resisted with
abhorrence, and not parleyed with.
2. What was the ground of this displeasure; why did Christ thus resent
a motion that seemed not only harmless, but kind? Two reasons are
given:
(1.) Thou art an offence to me—Skandalon mou
ei—Thou art my hindrance (so it may be read); “thou
standest in my way.” Christ was hastening on in the work of our
salvation, and his heart was so much upon it, that he took it ill to be
hindered, or tempted to start back from the hardest and most
discouraging part of his undertaking. So strongly was he engaged for
our redemption, that they who but indirectly endeavoured to divert him
from it, touched him in a very tender and sensible part. Peter was not
so sharply reproved for disowning and denying his Master in his
sufferings as he was for dissuading him from them; though that was the
defect, this the excess, of kindness. It argues a very great firmness
and resolution of mind in any business, when it is an offence to
be dissuaded, and a man will not endure to hear any thing to the
contrary; like that of Ruth, Entreat me not to leave thee. Note,
Our Lord Jesus preferred our salvation before his own ease and safety;
for even Christ pleased not himself
(Rom. xv. 3);
he came into the world, not to spare himself, as Peter advised, but to
spend himself.
See why he called Peter Satan, when he suggested this to him;
because, whatever stood in the way of our salvation, he looked upon as
coming from the devil, who is a sworn enemy to it. The same Satan that
afterward entered into Judas, maliciously to destroy him in his
undertaking, here prompted Peter plausibly to divert him from it. Thus
he changes himself into an angel of light.
Thou art an offence to me. Note,
[1.] Those that engage in any great good work must expect to meet with
hindrance and opposition from friends and foes, from within and from
without.
[2.] Those that obstruct our progress in any duty must be looked upon
as an offence to us. Then we do the will of God as Christ did,
whose meat and drink it was to do it, when it is a trouble to us
to be solicited from our duty. Those that hinder us from doing or
suffering for God, when we are called to it, whatever they are in other
things in that they are Satans, adversaries to us.
(2.) Thou savourest not the things that are of God, but those that
are of men. Note,
[1.] The things that are of God, that is, the concerns of his
will and glory, often clash and interfere with the things that are
of men, that is, with our own wealth, pleasure, and reputation.
While we mind Christian duty as out way and work, and the divine favour
as our end and portion, we savour the things of God; but if
these be minded, the flesh must be denied, hazards must be run and
hardships borne; and here is the trial which of the two we savour.
[2.] Those that inordinately fear, and industriously decline suffering
for Christ, when they are called to it, savour more of the things of
man than of the things of God; they relish those things more
themselves, and make it appear to others that they do so.
| The Value of the Soul. |
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24 Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come
after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow
me.
25 For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and
whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it.
26 For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole
world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in
exchange for his soul?
27 For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father
with his angels; and then he shall reward every man according to
his works.
28 Verily I say unto you, There be some standing here, which
shall not taste of death, till they see the Son of man coming in
his kingdom.
Christ, having shown his disciples that he must suffer, and that
he was ready and willing to suffer, here shows them that they
must suffer too, and must be ready and willing. It is a weighty
discourse that we have in these verses.
I. Here is the law of discipleship laid down, and the terms fixed, upon
which we may have the honour and benefit of it,
He said this to his disciples, not only that they might instruct others
concerning it, but that by this rule they might examine their own
security. Observe,
1. What it is to be a disciple of Christ; it is to come after him. When
Christ called his disciples, this was the word of command, Follow
me. A true disciple of Christ is one that doth follow him in duty,
and shall follow him to glory. He is one that comes after Christ, not
one that prescribes to him, as Peter now undertook to do, forgetting
his place. A disciple of Christ comes after him, as the sheep after the
shepherd, the servant after his master, the soldiers after their
captain; he is one that aims at the same end that Christ aimed at, the
glory of God, and the glory of heaven: and one that walks in the same
way that he walked in, is led by his Spirit, treads in his steps,
submits to his conduct, and follows the Lamb, whithersoever he
goes,
Rev. xiv. 4.
2. What are the great things required of those that will be Christ’s
disciples; If any man will come, ei tis
thelei—If any man be willing to come. It denotes a
deliberate choice, and cheerfulness and resolution in that choice. Many
are disciples more by chance or the will of others than by any act of
their own will; but Christ will have his people volunteers,
It is as if Christ had said, “If any of the people that are not my
disciples, be steadfastly minded to come to me, and if you that are, be
in like manner minded to adhere to me, it is upon these terms, these
and no other; you must follow me in sufferings as well as in
other things, and therefore when you sit down to count the cost, reckon
upon it.”
Now what are these terms?
(1.) Let him deny himself. Peter had advised Christ to spare
himself, and would be ready, in the like case, to take the advice; but
Christ tells them all, they must be so far from sparing
themselves, that they must deny themselves. Herein they must
come after Christ, for his birth, and life, and death, were all a
continued act of self-denial, a self-emptying,
If self-denial be a hard lesson, and against the grain to flesh and
blood, it is no more than what our Master learned and practised before
us and for us, both for our redemption and for our instruction; and
the servant is not above his lord. Note, All the disciples and
followers of Jesus Christ must deny themselves. It is the fundamental
law of admission into Christ’s school, and the first and great lesson
to be learned in this school, to deny ourselves; it is both the
strait gate, and the narrow way; it is necessary in order
to our learning all the other good lessons that are there taught. We
must deny ourselves absolutely, we must not admire our own shadow, nor
gratify our own humour; we must not lean to our own understanding, nor
seek our own things, nor be our own end. We must deny ourselves
comparatively; we must deny ourselves for Christ, and his will and
glory, and the service of his interest in the world; we must deny
ourselves for our brethren, and for their good; and we must deny
ourselves for ourselves, deny the appetites of the body for the benefit
of the soul.
(2.) Let him take up his cross. The cross is here put for all
sufferings, as men or Christians; providential afflictions,
persecutions for righteousness’ sake, every trouble that befals us,
either for doing well or for not doing ill. The troubles of Christians
are fitly called crosses, in allusion to the death of the cross,
which Christ was obedient to; and it should reconcile us to troubles,
and take off the terror of them, that they are what we bear in common
with Christ, and such as he hath borne before us. Note,
[1.] Every disciple of Christ hath his cross, and must count upon it;
as each hath his special duty to be done, so each hath his special
trouble to be borne, and every one feels most from his own burthen.
Crosses are the common lot of God’s children, but of this common lot of
God’s children, but of this common lot each hath his particular share.
That is our cross which Infinite Wisdom has appointed for us, and a
Sovereign Providence has laid on us, as fittest for us. It is good for
us to call the cross we are under our own, and entertain it
accordingly. We are apt to think we could bear such a one’s cross
better than our own; but that is best which is, and we ought to make
the best of it.
[2.] Every disciple of Christ must take up that which the wise God hath
made his cross. It is an allusion to the Roman custom of compelling
those that were condemned to be crucified, to carry their cross: when
Simon carried Christ’s cross after him, this phrase was illustrated.
First, It is supposed that the cross lies in our way, and is
prepared for us. We must not make crosses to ourselves, but must
accommodate ourselves to those which God has made for us. Our rule is,
not to go a step out of the way of duty, either to meet a cross, or to
miss one. We must not by our rashness and indiscretion pull crosses
down upon our own heads, but must take them up when they are laid in
our way. We must so manage an affliction, that it may not be a
stumbling-block or hindrance to us in any service we have to do for
God. We must take it up out of our way, by getting over the offence
of the cross; None of these things move me; and we must then go on
with it in our way, though it lie heavy. Secondly, That which we
have to do, is, not only to bear the cross (that a stock, or a stone,
or a stick may do), not only to be silent under it, but we must take
up the cross, must improve it to some good advantage. We should not
say, “This is an evil, and I must bear it, because I cannot help it;”
but, “This is an evil, and I will bear it, because it shall work for my
good.” When we rejoice in our afflictions, and glory in them,
then we take up the cross. This fitly follows upon denying ourselves;
for he that will not deny himself the pleasures of sin, and the
advantages of this world for Christ, when it comes to the push, will
never have the heart to take up his cross. “He that cannot take up the
resolution to live a saint, has a demonstration within himself, that he
is never likely to die a martyr;” so Archbishop Tillotson.
(3.) Let him follow me, in this particular of taking up the
cross. Suffering saints must look unto Jesus, and take from him both
direction and encouragement in suffering. Do we bear the cross? We
therein follow Christ, who bears it before us, bears it
for us, and so bears it from us. He bore the heavy end of
the cross, the end that had the curse upon it, that was a heavy end,
and so made the other light and easy for us. Or, we may take it in
general, we must follow Christ in all instances of holiness and
obedience. Note, The disciples of Christ must study to imitate their
Master, and conform themselves in every thing to his example, and
continue in well-doing, whatever crosses lie in their way. To do well
and to suffer ill, is to follow Christ. If any man will come after
me, let him follow me; that seems to be idem per idem–the same
thing over again. What is the difference? Surely it is this, “If
any man will come after me, in profession, and so have the name and
credit of a disciple, let him follow me in truth, and so do the
work and duty of a disciple.” Or thus, “If any man will set out
after me, in good beginnings, let him continue to follow
me with all perseverance.” That is following the Lord fully,
as Caleb did. Those that come after Christ, must follow after him.
II. Here are arguments to persuade us to submit to these laws, and come
up to these terms. Self-denial, and patient suffering, are hard
lessons, which will never be learned if we consult with flesh and
blood; let us therefore consult with our Lord Jesus, and see what
advice he gives us; and here he gives us,
1. Some considerations proper to engage us to these duties of
self-denial and suffering for Christ. Consider,
(1.) The weight of that eternity which depends upon our present choice
(v. 25);
Whosoever will save his life, by denying Christ, shall lose
it: and whosoever is content to lose his life, for owning
Christ, shall find it. Here are life and death, good and
evil, the blessing and the curse, set before us. Observe,
[1.] The misery that attends the most plausible apostasy. Whosoever
will save his life in this world, if it be by sin, he shall lose
it in another; he that forsakes Christ, to preserve a temporal life
and avoid a temporal death, will certainly come short of eternal life,
and will be hurt of the second death, and eternally held by it. There
cannot be a fairer pretence for apostasy and iniquity than saving the
life by it, so cogent is the law of self-preservation; and yet even
that is folly, for it will prove in the end self-destruction; the life
saved is but for a moment, the death shunned is but as a sleep; but the
life lost is everlasting, and the death run upon is the depth and
complement of all misery, and an endless separation from all good. Now,
let any rational man consider of it, take advice and speak his mind,
whether there is any thing got, at long run, by apostasy, though a man
save his estate, preferment, or life, by it.
[2.] The advantage that attends the most perilous and expensive
constancy; Whosoever will lose his life for Christ’s sake in
this world, shall find it in a better, infinitely to his
advantage. Note, First, Many a life is lost, for Christ’s sake,
in doing his work, by labouring fervently for his name; in suffering
work, by choosing rather to die than to deny him or his truths and
ways. Christ’s holy religion is handed down to us, sealed with the
blood of thousands, that have not known their own souls, but
have despised their lives (as Job speaks in another case),
though very valuable ones, when they have stood in competition with
their duty and the testimony of Jesus,
Rev. xx. 4.
Secondly, Though many have been losers for Christ, even of life
itself, yet never any one was, or will be, a loser by him in the end.
The loss of other comforts, for Christ, may possibly be made up in this
world
(Mark x. 30);
the loss of life cannot, but it shall be made up in the other world, in
an eternal life; the believing prospect of which hath been the great
support of suffering saints in all ages. An assurance of the life they
should find, in lieu of the life they hazarded, hath enabled them to
triumph over death in all its terrors; to go smiling to a scaffold, and
stand singing at a stake, and to call the utmost instances of their
enemies’ rage but a light affliction.
[3.] The worth of the soul which lies at stake, and the worthlessness
of the world in comparison of it
(v. 26).
What is a man profited, if he gain the whole world and lose his own
soul? ten psychen autou; the same word which is
translated his life
(v. 25),
for the soul is the life,
Gen. ii. 7.
This alludes to that common principle, that, whatever a man gets, if he
lose his life, it will do him no good, he cannot enjoy his gains. But
it looks higher, and speaks of the soul as immortal, and a loss of it
beyond death, which cannot be compensated by the gain of the whole
world. Note, First, Every man has a soul of his own. The soul is
the spiritual and immortal part of man, which thinks and reasons, has a
power of reflection and prospect, which actuates the body now, and will
shortly act in a separation from the body. Our souls are our own not in
respect of dominion and property (for we are not our own, All souls
are mine, saith God), but in respect of nearness and concern; our
souls are our own, for they are ourselves. Secondly, It is
possible for the soul to be lost, and there is danger of it. The soul
is lost when it is eternally separated from all the good to all the
evil that a soul is capable of; when it dies as far as a soul can die;
when it is separated from the favour of God, and sunk under his wrath
and curse. A man is never undone till he is in hell. Thirdly, If
the soul be lost, it is of the sinner’s own losing. The man loses
his own soul, for he does that which is certainly destroying to it,
and neglects that which alone would be saving,
The sinner dies because he will die; his blood is on his own head.
Fourthly, One soul is worth more than all the world; our own souls
are of greater value to us than all the wealth, honour, and pleasures
of this present time, if we had them. Here is the whole world
set in the scale against one soul, and Tekel written upon
it; it is weighed in the balance, and found too light to weigh it down.
This is Christ’s judgment upon the matter, and he is a competent Judge;
he had reason to know the price of souls, for he redeemed them;
nor would he under-rate the world, for he made it. Fifthly, The
winning of the world is often the losing of the soul. Many a one has
ruined his eternal interest by his preposterous and inordinate care to
secure and advance his temporal ones. It is the love of the
world, and the eager pursuit of it, that drowns men in
destruction and perdition. Sixthly, The loss of the soul is so
great a loss, that the gain of the whole world will not countervail it,
or make it up. He that loses his soul, though it be to gain the world,
makes a very bad bargain for himself, and will sit down at last an
unspeakable loser. When he comes to balance the account, and to compare
profit and loss, he will find that, instead of the advantage he
promised himself, he is ruined to all intents and purposes, is
irreparably broken.
What shall a man give in exchange for his soul? Note, If once
the soul be lost, it is lost for ever. There is no
antallagma—counter-price, that can be paid, or
will be accepted. It is a loss that can never be repaired, never be
retrieved. If, after that great price which Christ laid down to redeem
our souls, and to restore us to the possession of them, they be so
neglected for the world, that they come to be lost, that new mortgage
will never be taken off; there remains no more sacrifice for sins, nor
price for souls, but the equity of redemption is eternally precluded.
Therefore it is good to be wise in time, and do well for ourselves.
2. Here are some considerations proper to encourage us in self-denial
and suffering for Christ.
(1.) The assurance we have of Christ’s glory, at his second coming to
judge the world,
If we look to the end of all these things, the period of the world, and
the posture of souls then, we shall thence form a very different idea
of the present state of things. If we see things as the will
appear then, we shall see them as they should appear now.
The great encouragement to steadfastness in religion is taken from the
second coming of Christ, considering it,
[1.] As his honour; The Son of man shall come in the glory of his
Father, with his angels. To look upon Christ in his state of
humiliation, so abased, so abused, a reproach of men, and despised
of the people, would discourage his followers from taking any
pains, or running any hazards for him; but with an eye of faith to see
the Captain of our salvation coming in his glory, in all the pomp and
power of the upper world, will animate us, and make us think nothing
too much to do, or too hard to suffer, or him. The Son of man shall
come. He here gives himself the title of his humble state (he is
the Son of man), to show that he is not ashamed to own it. His
first coming was in the meanness of his children, who being partakers
of flesh, he took part of the same; but his second coming will be in
the glory of his Father. At his first coming, he was attended with poor
disciples; at his second coming, he will be attended with glorious
angels; and if we suffer with him, we shall be glorified with
him,
2 Tim. ii. 12.
[2.] As our concern; Then he shall reward every man according to his
works. Observe, First, Jesus Christ will come as a Judge, to
dispense rewards and punishments, infinitely exceeding the greatest
that any earthly potentate has the dispensing of. The terror of men’s
tribunal
will be taken off by a believing prospect of the glory of Christ’s
tribunal. Secondly, Men will then be rewarded, not according to
their gains in this world, but according to their works, according to
what they were and did. In that day, the treachery of backsliders will
be punished with eternal destruction, and the constancy of faithful
souls recompensed with a crown of life. Thirdly, The best
preparative for that day is to deny ourselves, and take up our
cross, and follow Christ; for so we shall make the Judge our
Friend, and these things will then pass well in the account.
Fourthly, The rewarding of men according to their works is
deferred till that day. Here good and evil seem to be dispensed
promiscuously; we see not apostasy punished with immediate strokes, nor
fidelity encouraged with immediate smiles, from heaven; but in that day
all will be set to rights. Therefore judge nothing before the
time,
2 Tim. iv. 6-8.
(2.) The near approach of his kingdom in this world,
It was so near, that there were some attending him who should live to
see it. As Simeon was assured that he should not see death till he had
seen the Lord’s Christ come in the flesh; so some here are assured that
they shall not taste death (death is a sensible thing, its terrors are
seen, its bitterness is tasted) till they had seen the Lord’s Christ
coming in his kingdom. At the end of time, he shall come in his
Father’s glory; but now, in the fulness of time, he was to come in his
own kingdom, his mediatorial kingdom. Some little specimen was given of
his glory a few days after this, in his transfiguration
(ch. xvii. 1);
then he tried his robes. But this points at Christ’s coming by the
pouring out of his Spirit, the planting of the gospel church, the
destruction of Jerusalem, and the taking away of the place and nation
of the Jews, who were the most bitter enemies to Christianity. Here was
the Son of man coming in his kingdom. Many then present lived to
see it, particularly John, who lived till after the destruction of
Jerusalem, and saw Christianity planted in the world. Let this
encourage the followers of Christ to suffer for him,
[1.] That their undertaking shall be succeeded; the apostles were
employed in setting up Christ’s kingdom; let them know, for their
comfort, that whatever opposition they meet with, yet they shall carry
their point, shall see of the travail of their soul. Note, It is
a great encouragement to suffering saints to be assured, not only of
the safety, but of the advancement of Christ’s kingdom among men; not
only notwithstanding their sufferings, but by their
sufferings. A believing prospect of the success of the kingdom of
grace, as well as of our share in the kingdom of glory, may carry us
cheerfully through our sufferings.
[2.] That their cause shall be pleaded; their deaths shall be revenged,
and their persecutors reckoned with.
[3.] That this shall be done shortly, in the present age. Note, The
nearer the church’s deliverances are, the more cheerful should we be in
our sufferings for Christ. Behold the Judge standeth before the
door. It is spoken as a favour to those that should survive the
present cloudy time, that they should see better days. Note, It is
desirable to share with the church in her joys,
Observe, Christ saith, Some shall live to see those glorious
days, not all; some shall enter into the promised land, but
others shall fall in the wilderness. He does not tell them who
shall live to see this kingdom, lest if they had known, they should
have put off the thoughts of dying, but some of them shall;
Behold, the Lord is at hand. The Judge standeth before the door; be
patient, therefore, brethren.
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